HISTORY OF SECRET
EXPERIMENTATION
ON UNITED STATES CITIZENS
1931 Dr.
Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer
cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological
Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named
to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins
a series of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers
and civilian hospital patients.
1932 The
Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with
syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment,
and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow
the progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently
die from syphilis, their families never told that they could
have been treated.
1935 The
Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from Pellagra
over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service finally
acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it
had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a
niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths
occured within poverty-striken black populations.
1940 Four
hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order
to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat
the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this
American study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.
1942 Chemical
Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on approximately
4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945 and made
use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea
pigs rather than serve on active duty.
1943 In
response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S.
begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.
1944 U.S.
Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals
were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.
1945 Project
Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence,
and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them immunity and
secret identities in exchange for work on top secret government
projects in the United States.
1945 "Program
F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).
This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of
fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb
production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride,
it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous
system but much of the information is squelched in the name of
national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine
full-scale production of atomic bombs.
1946 Patients
in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments.
In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to change the
word "experiments" to "investigations" or "observations" whenever
reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's veteran's
hospitals.
1947 Colonel
E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Comission issues a
secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating
that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of
radioactive substances to human subjects.
1947 The
CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by
American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military)
are used with and without their knowledge.
1950 Department
of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert
areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and
mortality rates.
1950 In
an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would
be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria
from ships over San Franciso. Monitoring devices are situated
throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection.
Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
1951 Department
of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria
and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that
people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.
1953 U.S.
military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over Winnipeg,
St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River Valley
in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to determine
how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.
1953 Joint
Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of thousands
of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne
germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
1953 CIA
initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven-year research program
designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that
would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six
of the subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human
beings.
1955 The
CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human populations
with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from the
Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.
1955 Army
Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its potential
use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than 1,000 Americans
participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.
1956 U.S.
military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over
Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents
posing as public health officials test victims for effects.
1958 LSD
is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories
for its effect on intelligence.
1960 The
Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes
field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the
european population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing
of the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.
1965 CIA
and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a program to
develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through the
use of mind-altering drugs.
1965 Prisoners
at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected
to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent Orange
used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of
cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected
carcinogen all along.
1966 CIA
initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological
effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
1966 U.S.
Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the
New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are
exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the
bacteria onto ventilation grates.
1967 CIA
and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor
to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological
and chemical weapons.
1968 CIA
experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water
by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington,
D.C.
1969 Dr.
Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from congress
$10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological
agent to which no natural immunity exists.
1970 Funding
for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R. 15090.
The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out
by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's
top secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised
that molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like
retroviruses.
1970 United
States intensifies its development of "ethnic weapons" (Military
Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate
specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences
and variations in DNA.
1975 The
virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare
Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and
placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute
(NCI) . It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated
by the U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses.
It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which
no immunity exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia
Virus).
1977 Senate
hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated
areas had been contaminated with biological agents between 1949
and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington,
D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
1978 Experimental
Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New
York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects
specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
1981 First
cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los
Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may
have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine.
1985 According
to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal
sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and
evolutionary relationship.
1986 According
to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011),
HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements,
except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV.
This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked
to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural immunity exists.
1986 A
report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current
generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally
occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic
engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment
by all existing vaccines.
1987 Department
of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research and
development of biological agents, it continues to operate research
facilities at 127 facilities and universities around the nation.
1990 More
than 1500 six-month old black and hispanic babies in Los Angeles
are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that had never been
licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that
parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected to
their children was experimental.
1994 With
a technique called "gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson at the
MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many
returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered
strain of Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in the
production of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular
structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that
it had been man-made.
Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing
that for at least 50 years the Department of Defense has
used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human
experiments and for intentional exposure to dangerous substances.
Materials included mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation,
psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and drugs used during the
Gulf War.
1995 U.S.
Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals
and scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries
and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological
warfare research.
1995 Dr.
Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents
used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX
and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department
of Corrections.
1996 Department
of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed to
chemical agents.
1997 Eighty-eight
members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation
into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
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